Directions (1- 10): Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below them. Certain words/phrases have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
Paragraph 1: Bill Gates, the co-founder of Microsoft, had once said: “Software is a great combination between artistry and engineering.” Today this combination of art and science is ubiquitous, used in a variety of everyday products. However, has software really affected the production process in traditional manufacturing industries, like automobiles and aerospace? A recent working paper, “Get With the Program: Software-driven Innovation in Traditional Manufacturing” by Lee G. Bransetter and Namho Kwan (Carnegie Melon University), and Matej Drev (Georgia Institute of Technology), has documented the increasing prevalence of software in traditional manufacturing industries, at the cost of traditional processes like mechanical and chemical engineering, to develop and innovate products. The researchers find that firms resistant to adopting software-based techniques are being outperformed by their peers.
Paragraph 2: The importance of software in the innovation process has been measured by the patents citing software-based technologies in these industries. These have seen a large uptick over the last few decades. In the US, for example, the share of software patents has increased threefold over a 20-year period, from only 5% of all patents in the 1980s to around 15% in 2005. More importantly, the share of patents citing previous software patents has also doubled over this period. These are patents in non-software industries like automobiles, and these are an important measure of software intensity in traditional manufacturing. The researchers use some insightful anecdotes to give the readers an idea. Up to 40% of the cost of a new car is determined by electronics and software content, and most premium cars are equipped with 70-80 microprocessors. The Boeing 777 contains no less than 1,280 on-board processors that use more than four million lines of computer code. More than 50% of medical devices contain software, with a modern pacemaker containing up to 80,000 lines of computer code.
Paragraph 3: These findings beg the question: If there are so many benefits of being software-intensive, why aren’t all firms using more software? Why are some firms lagging behind? Armed with the fact that US firms tend to be much more software-intensive than European and Japanese firms, the researchers argue that availability of talented human resources is a crucial reason why this phenomenon exists. In fact, they argue, the availability of talented and inexpensive software engineers from India is one of the key reasons the US has a competitive advantage over these other nations.
Paragraph 4: A focus on software intensity in a country with surplus labour like India may raise a few eyebrows. But, a look at some recent trends highlights the importance of patents. Manufacturing growth and patent filing growth by Indian residents has shown strong positive correlation over the last decade, with a correlation coefficient of 0.62. Both of them plummeted to the 2% mark in 2008-09, followed by a period of resurgence, where patent and manufacturing growth increased to 17% and 8.5%, respectively, in 2010-11. Both shrank sharply in 2011-12, and since then have stabilised and continued to move in tandem. The relationship between growth of patent filing by Indian citizens and growth in gross domestic product shows a similar picture, with a positive correlation coefficient of 0.53. Further, the growth rates almost converged in 2015-16, indicating a crucial role played by software and patents in assessing the health of an economy.
Paragraph 5: India’s quest to become a manufacturing powerhouse will, to a large extent, depend on how it embraces software and technology. India is already losing its low-cost advantage in employment generating sectors, like textiles and electronic equipment, to Bangladesh and Vietnam, respectively. But it can certainly take the lead in software engineers’ labor market. Information technology (IT) and software professionals from India are regarded among the best in the world. But hardly any of the most skilled professionals stay back in India. The US has earned great dividends by attracting and retaining the top software talent from India, and around the world, through its prestigious universities and attractive STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) visa programmes. Thus software can allow India to differentiate its products from the low-end products of its competitors and enjoy a lasting manufacturing boom.
Q1. What of the following sentences correctly characterize the software as mentioned in the passage?
(I) Software industries are performing well than any other industry.
(II) The combination of art and science is software that is prevalent in various products.
(III) Nearly all the manufacturing industries have realized the importance of software.
(IV) The software- intensive firms have more value than less software intensive firms.
(a) Only (I) and (II)
(b) Only (II), (III) and (IV)
(c) Only (I), (II) and (III)
(d) Only (I) and (IV)
(e) All are correct
Q2. How is it correct to say that manufacturing industries are increasingly using software?
(I) All the research equipments contain large number of microprocessors.
(II) Most cars are equipped with software that determines its cost.
(III) There are large number of medical devices that contain software.
(IV) There is a rise in share of software patents in manufacturing industries.
(a) Only (I) and (II)
(b) Only (II), (III) and (IV)
(c) Only (I), (II) and (III)
(d) Only (I) and (IV)
(e) All are correct
Q3. According to the passage, software intensive firms are proportional to
(a) size of labor in a firm
(b) the proportion of capital in a firm
(c) talented human resources
(d) developed nation
(e) All of the above
Q4. Which is the most appropriate title of the passage?
(a) Benefits of being software-intensive
(b) U.S.: The software intensive nation
(c) Research and development productivity gap
(d) The role of software in manufacturing in India
(e) Requirement of talented labor in manufacturing industries
Q5. According to the passage, how India can put efforts to grow its GDP?
(a) raising the employment rate.
(b) employing more skilled professionals.
(c) raising the patent filing.
(d) both (b) and (c)
(e) All of the above
Q6. Which of the following sentences holds true in context to the passage?
(a) Japan has the largest software- intensive firms in the world.
(b) The twin jet plane contains many microprocessors having number of computer codes.
(c) The U.S. went through a declination of patent filing.
(d) India’s growth in Information technology has marked a disrupt slump.
(e) All are correct
Direction (7- 8): Which of the following alternatives among the five options provides the most similar meaning(s) of the word given in BOLD as used in the passage?
Q7. Tandem
(I) surplus
(II) sparse
(III) rival
(IV) lineup.
(a) Only (I) and (III)
(b) Only (II), (III) and (IV)
(c) Only (I), (II) and (III)
(d) Only (IV)
(e) All are correct
Q8. Ubiquitous
(I) pervasive
(II) Taper
(III) omnipresent
(IV) concoction
(a) Only (I) and (III)
(b) Only (II), (III) and (IV)
(c) Only (I), (II) and (III)
(d) Only (IV)
(e) All are correct
Direction (9- 10): Which of the following alternatives among the five options provides the most opposite meaning(s) of the word given in BOLD as used in the passage?
Q9. Plummeted
(I) dissuade
(II) plunge
(III) copious
(IV) ascend
(a) Only (I) and (III)
(b) Only (II), (III) and (IV)
(c) Only (I), (II) and (III)
(d) Only (IV)
(e) All are correct
Q10. Embrace
(I) repudiate
(II) reticent
(III) reject
(IV) nuance
(a) Only (I) and (III)
(b) Only (II), (III) and (IV)
(c) Only (I), (II) and (III)
(d) Only (IV)
(e) All are correct
Directions (11-15): There are three sentences given in each question. Find the sentence(s) which is/are grammatically correct and mark your answer choosing the best possible alternative among the five given below each question. If all sentences are correct, choose (e) i.e., “all are correct” as your answer choice.
Q11. (I) It is when he is talking about his immediate and extended family then he comes closest to taking responsibility for “doing” rather than letting things happen.
(II) If these were not at hand he might adjourn the case for their production, specifying a time up to six months.
(III) She told Sam what happened, including the part where she disobeyed Alex and rode up into the hills alone.
(a) only (I)
(b) only (II)
(c) only (III)
(d) both (II) and (III)
(e) All are correct
Q12. (I) He knew that an apple should not be plucked while it is green.
(II) When I was a child, my father will tell me great stories about his adventures.
(III) The gorilla as well as the orangutan are primates.
(a) only (I)
(b) only (II)
(c) only (III)
(d) both (II) and (III)
(e) All are correct
Q13. (I) A fine supper was prepared, and the innkeeper himself waited upon his guest.
(II) There is an urgent need for understanding how climate change will effect our lives.
(III) Despite the water, her mouth was dry and aching almost to the point of pain.
(a) only (I)
(b) both (I) and (III)
(c) only (III)
(d) only (II)
(e) All are correct
Q14. (I) I could have gone directly to college, but I decided to travel through a year.
(II) The construct of Indian nationalism is constitutional patriotism, which consist of an appreciation of our inherited and shared diversity.
(III) Citizens are being forced to queue up to collect water from tankers.
(a) only (I)
(b) both (I) and (III)
(c) only (III)
(d) only (II)
(e) All are correct
Q15. (I) Both campaigns are deploying volunteers to the cities to encourage people to vote.
(II) She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.
(III) I had had my car for four years before I ever learned to drive it.
(a) only (I)
(b) both (I) and (III)
(c) only (III)
(d) only (II)
(e) All are correct
Solutions:
S1. Ans. (e)
Sol. We can deduce our answer from referring to first paragraph of the passage.
In the first paragraph it is mentioned, that combination of art and science is ubiquitous, used in a variety of everyday products. Furthermore there is an increasing prevalence of software in traditional manufacturing industries, at the cost of traditional processes like mechanical and chemical engineering, to develop and innovate products.
Hence all the options are correct.
S2. Ans. (b)
Sol. The growing use of software in manufacturing industries has been discussed in second paragraph of the passage. All the given sentences except sentence (I) comply with the context of the paragraph 2.
Hence option (b) is the most appropriate choice.
Refer the lines “… More importantly, the share of patents citing previous software patents has also doubled over this period.”
“Up to 40% of the cost of a new car is determined by electronics and software content, and most premium cars are equipped with 70-80 microprocessors.”
“More than 50% of medical devices contain software, with a modern pacemaker containing up to 80,000 lines of computer code.”
S3. Ans. (c)
Sol. We can deduce our answer from paragraph 3 in which it has been mentioned that US firms are more software-intensive than any other developed country due to availability of talented and inexpensive software engineers. Hence, we can say that software- intensive firms is proportional to talented human resources proving option (c) as correct.
Refer the lines “… Armed with the fact that US firms tend to be much more software-intensive than European and Japanese firms, the researchers argue that availability of talented human resources is a crucial reason why this phenomenon exists…”
S4. Ans. (d)
Sol. “The role of software in manufacturing in India” is an appropriate title of the passage.
S5. Ans. (e)
Sol. Refer the paragraph 5 which mentions that India’s growth in manufacturing depends on how it adopts software and technology. Growth in manufacturing will ultimately make the GDP grow and raising patent filing means raising software- intensive firms. Moreover, the role of skilled professional is also essential for letting an economy grow. Also in the paragraph 4, it is given that The relationship between growth of patent filing by Indian citizens and growth in gross domestic product shows a positive correlation.
Hence, we can conclude that all the sentences (a), (b) and(c) are correct.
Refer the lines “India’s quest to become a manufacturing powerhouse will, to a large extent, depend on how it embraces software and technology.”
“The US has earned great dividends by attracting and retaining the top software talent from India, and around the world, through its prestigious universities and attractive STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) visa programmes.”
S6. Ans. (b)
Sol. Sentence (b) is correct in context of the passage.
Refer the lines “The Boeing 777 contains no less than 1,280 on-board processors that use more than four million lines of computer code.” Paragraph 3 mentions that US is the largest software intensive firm in the world and not Japan. Hence only option (b) is the answer.
S7. Ans. (d)
Sol. Tandem means move as a team or company. Hence it has same meaning has lineup.
Surplus means more than what is needed or used; excess.
Rival means a person or thing competing with another for the same objective or for superiority in the same field of activity.
S8. Ans. (a)
Sol. Ubiquitous means present, appearing, or found everywhere. Hence it has same meaning as pervasive and omnipresent.
Concoction means a mixture of various ingredients or elements.
Taper means diminish or reduce in thickness towards one end.
S9. Ans. (d)
Sol. Plummeted means decrease rapidly in value or amount. Hence it is opposite in meaning to ascend.
Dissuade means persuade (someone) not to take a particular course of action.
Plunge means push or thrust quickly.
Copious means abundant in supply or quantity.
S10. Ans. (a)
Sol. Embrace means accept (a belief, theory, or change) willingly and enthusiastically. Hence it is opposite in meaning to repudiate and reject.
Reticent means not revealing one’s thoughts or feelings readily.
Nuance means a subtle difference in or shade of meaning, expression, or sound.
S11. Ans. (d)
Sol. Of all the statements provided, Statement (II) and statement (III) are devoid of any errors. In case of statement (I) ‘then’ should be replaced with ‘that’. This type of construction [It is when…that] is known as a CLEFT SENTENCE, whose purpose is to place emphasis on the main clause complement. Hence, option (d) is the most suitable answer choice.
S12. Ans. (a)
Sol. Statements (II) and (III) contains errors in them. It is to be noted that the statement (II) is describing an incident of past, thus ‘will’ should be replaced with ‘would’. Moreover, in statement (III) while using the phrase “as well as”, the verb must be complied with the noun previous to the phrase. Therefore, to make the sentence grammatically correct, replace ‘are primates’ with ‘is a primate’. Statement (I) is grammatically and contextually correct. Hence, option (a) is the most viable answer choice.
S13. Ans. (b)
Sol. Among all the statements, sentences (I) and (III) are grammatically correct and contextually meaningful, while there is an error in sentence (II). To make sentence (II) contextually correct replace ‘effect’ with ‘affect’ as affect can either mean “to influence” or “to act in a way that you don’t feel.” Effect typically means “a result.” Since, sentence (I) and (III) are correct, option (b) becomes the most suitable answer choice.
S14. Ans. (c)
Sol. Statements (I) and (II) contains error in them. To make statement (I) grammatically correct replace “through” with “for”, as “through” is used when moving in one side and out of the other side of (an opening, channel, or location), while ‘for’ is used to indicate time or duration. Moreover, in statement (II) the subject [construct of Indian nationalism] is singular, therefore, to comply with the rule of subject-verb agreement the verb associated with it should also be singular. Thus, “consist” should be replaced with its singular form i.e., “consists”. Sentence (III) is grammatically correct and contextually meaningful. Hence, option (c) becomes the most viable answer choice.
S15. Ans. (e)
Sol. All the given sentences are grammatically correct and contextually meaningful; thus, they do not require any corrections. Hence, option (e) becomes the most feasible answer choice.
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