Functions of Banks Notes (Module B) JAIIB PPB Exam 2022

Functions of Banks Notes: The function of Banks Notes is for all the candidates going to appear in the JAIIB Exam 2022. Function of Banks Notes is handy and will be useful for the candidates for quick revision. In this article, we have provided the short notes of all the units of this module. Functions of Banks Notes (Module B) for JAIIB PPB will be beneficial to the candidates for the upcoming JAIIB Exam 2022. Aspirants can make use of the notes in their preparation.

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 1: Banker-Customer Relationship

•  A firm that consists of not more than 10 partners or a company incorporated under Indian Companies Act 1956 can be a bank.
• The relationship that exists between the customer and the bank, when the customer deposits money in the bank, is that of  a lender and a borrower and thus a creditor and a debtor.
•  The relationship that happens between customer and bank, when the bank lends money to the customer, is that of a borrower and lender and thus a debtor and a creditor.
•  The relation between customer and bank, when a customer deposits certain valuables, bonds, securities etc., with the bank for safe custody, is bailor-bailee and thus customer and trustee.
•  The relationship which occurs between customer and bank, when a bank performs the services of remittance, collection of cheques, bills, etc. on behalf of the customers, is principal and agent.
•  The relationship between customer and bank, when a bank provides safe deposit lockers to the customer, who hires them on a lease basis, is lessee-lessor.
•  The relationship that exists between customer and bank, when one party promises to save the other from loss caused to the other by the conduct of promisor, is indemnifier and indemnified (or indemnity holder).
•  Merchant bankers are financial intermediaries as they transfer capital from investor or bond subscriber (owner of capital) to government or corporate (user).
• Lease financing means leasing out the capital purchase of assets to another company against monthly rent for asset’s consumption.

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 2: Bankers’ Special Relationship

•  A mandate (an unstamped agreement) is an authority given by the account holder in favour of a third person to do certain acts on his behalf.
•  Institutions cannot issue mandate, instead they issue a power of attorney.
•  Power of Attorney is a legal document (as it is a stamped document and is executed in the presence of a notary public/magistrate of a court/authorized government official) executed by one person called donor (principal) in favor of another person called doner agent to act on behalf of the former, as per the authority given in the document.
•  Donor means the person who issues Power of Attorney and doner means the person to whom Power of Attorney is given.
•  General/universal power of attorney is issued for acting in more than one transaction while special/limited Power of Attorney is issued for only one transaction.
•  Garnishee order is an order of the court obtained by a judgement creditor attaching the funds belonging to a judgement debtor (customer) in the hands of his debtors, including a bank, who is called a garnishee, advising not to release the money until directed by the court to do so.
•  Cheques presented after service of the garnishee order should be returned with the “refer to drawer” remark.
•  Preliminary proceedings of a court are called garnishee order nisi.
•  Subsequent proceedings of a court are called garnishee absolute.
•  When a bank has a prior right to set-off, the bank is not bound by the garnishee order.
•  When a lien is marked on fixed deposit receipts, it cannot be attached by a garnishee order.
•  Any excess over the lien is attachable by the garnishee order.
•  Orders received from the court for recovery of certain debts are called garnishee order.
•  Orders received from the revenue authorities (income tax/sale tax authority) are called attachment order.
•  Credits received after garnishee orders are not attachable because debts due or accruing at the time of receipt of order are only attachable.
•  In “Joint Accounts” with “Either or Survivor” clause, “Garnishee Order” if in a single name, cannot be attached.
•  In “Joint Accounts” with “Former or Survivor” clause, “Garnishee Order” if in a single name, can be attached.
•  The personal accounts of a partner can be attached with garnishee order for the firm’s debt.
•  The trust’s account cannot be attached garnishee order.
•  When a customer has more than 1 account and one is in credit and other is in debit, then the garnishee order can be attached only if the net result is in credit.
•  A lien is a right of the banker to retain possession of the goods and securities owned by the debtor until the debt due from the latter is paid.
• The banker’s lien is an implied (understood) pledge (promise/guarantee).
•  In case of lien, the bank can sell the goods and securities in case the debt is not paid under section 171 of the Indian Contract Act 1872.
• Lien cannot apply in safe deposit locker.
•  Set-off means adjusting debit balance in one account with an account having credit balance of the same customer.
•  A deceased credit account and a customer debit account cannot be combined.

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 3: Banking Ombudsman Scheme and Consumer Protection Act

•  The Banking Ombudsman Scheme is introduced under Section 35 A of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 by RBI with effect from 1995.
•  The Banking Ombudsman Scheme enables an expeditious and inexpensive forum to bank customers for resolution of complaints relating to certain services rendered by banks.
• The Banking Ombudsman is a senior official appointed by the Reserve Bank of India to redress customer complaints against deficiency in certain banking services.
• All Scheduled Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks and Scheduled Primary Co-operative Banks are covered under the Scheme.
• The Banking Ombudsman can receive and consider any complaint relating to the following deficiency in banking services (including internet banking): non-payment or inordinate delay in the payment or collection of cheques, drafts, bills etc. non-acceptance, without sufficient cause, of small denomination notes tendered for any purpose, and for charging of commission in respect thereof, non-acceptance, without sufficient cause, of coins tendered and for charging of commission in respect thereof, non-payment or delay in payment of inward remittances , failure to issue or delay in issue of drafts, pay orders or bankers’ cheques; non-adherence to prescribed working hours ; failure to provide or delay in providing a banking facility (other than loans and advances) promised in writing by a bank or its direct selling agents; delays, non-credit of proceeds to parties accounts, non-payment of deposit or non-observance of the Reserve Bank directives, if any, applicable to rate of interest on deposits in any savings,current or other account maintained with a bank ; complaints from Non-Resident Indians having accounts in India in relation to their remittances from abroad, deposits and other bank-related matters; refusal to open deposit accounts without any valid reason for refusal; levying of charges without adequate prior notice to the customer; non-adherence by the bank or its subsidiaries to the instructions of Reserve Bank on ATM/Debit card operations or credit card operations; non-disbursement or delay in disbursement of pension (to the extent the grievance can be attributed to the action on the part of the bank concerned, but not with regard to its employees); refusal to accept or delay in accepting payment towards taxes, as required by Reserve Bank/Government; refusal to issue or delay in issuing, or failure to service or delay in servicing or redemption of Government securities; forced closure of deposit accounts without due notice or without sufficient reason; refusal to close or delay in closing the accounts; non-adherence to the fair practices code as adopted by the bank or non-adherence to the provisions of the Code of Bank s Commitments to Customers issued by Banking Codes and Standards Board of India and as adopted by the bank ; non-observance of Reserve Bank guidelines on engagement of recovery agents by banks; and any other matter relating to the violation of the directives issued by the Reserve Bank in relation to banking or other services.
•  A customer can also lodge a complaint on the following grounds of deficiency in service with respect to loans and advances non-observance of Reserve Bank Directives on interest rates; delays in sanction, disbursement or non-observance of prescribed time schedule for disposal of loan applications; non-acceptance of application for loans without furnishing valid reasons to the applicant; and non-adherence to the provisions of the fair practices code for lenders as adopted by the bank or Code of Bank’s Commitment to Customers, as the case may be; non-observance of any other direction or instruction of the Reserve Bank  as may be specified by the Reserve Bank for this purpose  from time to time.
• The Banking Ombudsman may also deal with such other matter as may be specified by the Reserve Bank from time to time.
•  One can file a complaint before the Banking Ombudsman if the reply is not received from the bank within a period of one month after the bank concerned has received one s representation, or the bank rejects the complaint, or if the complainant is not satisfied with the reply given by the bank.
•  One can file a complaint with the Banking Ombudsman simply by writing on a plain paper. One can also file it online (at “click here to go to Banking Ombudsman scheme” or by sending an email to the Banking Ombudsman.
•  The Banking Ombudsman may reject a complaint at any stage if it appears to him that a complaint made to him is not on the grounds of complaint referred to above, compensation sought from the Banking Ombudsman is beyond  Rs 10 lakh , requires consideration of elaborate documentary and oral evidence and the proceedings before the Banking Ombudsman are not appropriate for adjudication of such complaint without any sufficient cause, that it is not pursued by the complainant with reasonable diligence, in the opinion of the Banking Ombudsman there is no loss or damage or inconvenience caused to the complainant.
•  If one is aggrieved by the decision, one may, within 30 days of the date of receipt of the award, appeal against the award before the appellate authority. The appellate authority may, if he/ she is satisfied that the applicant had sufficient cause for not making an application for appeal within time, also allow a further period not exceeding 30 days.

 Consumer Protection Act, 1986

• It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
• It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification, appoint and different dates may be appointed for different States and for different provisions of this Act.
• Save as otherwise expressly provided by the Central Government by notification, this Act shall apply to all goods and services.
•  “Complaint” means any allegation in writing made by a complainant that
• an unfair trade practice or a restrictive trade practice has been adopted by any trader or service provider.
• the goods bought by him or agreed to be bought by him; suffer from one or more defects.
• the services hired or availed of or agreed to be hired or availed of by him suffer from deficiency in any respect.
• a trader or service provider, as the case may be,  has charged for the goods or for the service mentioned in the complaint a price in excess of the official/valid price.
• goods which will be hazardous to life and safety when used or being offered for sale to the public.
• services which are hazardous or likely to be hazardous to life and safety of the public when used, are being offered by the service provider which such person could have known with due diligence to be  injurious to life and safety

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 4: Payment and collection of cheques and other NI

•  In the case of Sans recourse endorsement, liability of the endorser is excluded.
• In the case of facultative endorsement, the notice of dishonor is waived.
•  The three negotiable instruments are promissory notes, bills of exchange and cheque.
•  A paying banker is protected under NI Act in the following cases: Forged endorsement in an

i. order cheque under section 85 (1)

ii. bearer cheque under section 85 (2)

iii. draft under section 85 (A)

• Material alteration in a cheque under section 89
• Payment of a crossed cheque under section 128.

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 5: Opening Accounts of various types of Customers

• The Indian Majority Act 1875 states the age of majority to be 18 years.
• Section 26 of the NI Act defines that a minor may draw, endorse, deliver and negotiate a negotiable instrument and as such, a minor can draw a cheque. The age of the minor should be above 13 years and should be literate. No overdraft is allowed in these accounts.
• Two minors cannot open a joint account.
•  In an HUF(Hindu Undivided Family), the members of a family are called coparceners and the eldest male child is called Karta (Manager), the Karta operates the account.
•  All the adult members need to sign the account opening form while opening HUF account.
•  Registration of a partner is optional (except in states of Gujarat and Maharashtra where it is compulsory).
• When there is an addition to the partner, the old account can be continued if the balance is in credit, otherwise old account should be closed and a new one should be opened. This process avoids Clayton’s Rule.
•  Death of a partner dissolves the partnership firm.
• A public limited company – minimum 7 members, maximum unlimited members. Minimum paid up capital of Rs. 5 Lakh.
• A private limited company – minimum 2 members, maximum 50 members. For banking business maximum number is 20. Minimum paid up capital of Rs 1 lakh.
•  Minimum 51% of the shares are held by the government in the case of a Government Company.
•  Internal rules of a company are mentioned in articles.

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 6: Ancillary Services

Every bank has two main activities as the sourcing or borrowing of funds ( as deposits and capital from the market) and the deploying or lending  the funds (as Loans and Investments): These both form the traditional and core activities of all the banks. Other than these basic activities, the banks provide a variety of other services or products. The most popular ones are:

•  Funds transfer service: Funds transfer service is useful for sending and receiving money from all over the globe. The products that cover this service are Demand Drafts, Bankers Checks or Pay orders, EFT(Electronic Funds Transfer ),etc.
•  Forex service: Foreign exchange can be bought for any purpose of expenditures like travel, buying merchandise, etc. and sell the same to the bank when you earn or receive from abroad . These forex transactions are prevalent to the rules and regulations prevailing in a country and they are  provided by only those bank branches which are approved by the Banking Authority or Regulator for this purpose.
•  Custodial Service: Valuables like jewels, documents, etc. can be kept under this service which is commonly known as Locker facility(Safe Deposit Vaults in banking parlance. The bank will collect a nominal fee for the service
• Gold Sale: Pure gold can be bought for self consumption or for trading by the jewelry businesses. Only a few selected branches of banks are allowed to provide this sale. The products usually range from a coin to a 100 gm biscuit or bar.
•  Investment service: Invest your money in the mutual funds, a service provided by the banks. This service comes as Portfolio service( the decision to maximize the returns on your money is left with the banker or portfolio manager) and as Stand-alone product where the decision to get maximum returns is borne by you. Both have the plus and minus but these products are offered according to  the convenience of the investors. Portfolio means a basket of investments and securities in a combined form. Debt securities will yield interest income and equity investment will yield dividend income. Portfolio management means management of a combination of securities to get the most efficient portfolio.
•  Insurance sale: A range of insurance products ranging from the risk of life, health, assets like vehicle, credit and debit cards, travel etc. are offered by almost all the banks by themselves or in collaboration with the leading insurer companies, which again may be  local or multinational  entity.
•  Card services: The primary intention of card services is for safety and convenience purpose but now, has become a payment mode and a symbol of economic status. The card products  are called as Debit card and Credit card .
•  e Banking: e Banking also known as Net banking or Internet banking is  the latest and most convenient facility of the banks. An id and password is provided to operate your account online : for transfer of funds to another account in the same bank or another bank. Surplus funds can be kept in fixed deposit by using this facility. The best use of this facility is for shopping online.

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 7: Cash Management Services and its Importance

•  Cash management is a very broad term that allude to the collection, concentration, and disbursement of cash.
•  Cash Management refers to a company’s level of liquidity, its management of cash balance, and its short-term investment strategies
• The objective of the Cash Management System is to improve revenue, maximize profits, minimize costs and secure efficient management systems to help and accelerate growth.
•  In India, the cash management business mainly involves collections and payments services.
•  Products Offered by Banks Under Collections (Paper and Electronic): Local cheque collections, High value (0 Day clearing), Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR), Outstation cheque collections, Cheques drawn on branch locations, Cheques drawn on correspondent bank locations, Cheques drawn on coordinator locations, House cheque collections, Outside network cheque collections, Cash collections, ECS-Debit, Post dated cheque collection, Invoice collections, Capital market collections
•  Products Offered by Banks Under Payments (Paper and Electronic): Demand drafts/banker’s cheques, Customer cheques, Locally payable, Payable at par, RTGS/NEFT/ECS, Cash disbursement, Payments within bank, Capital market payments.
•  In a dynamic economy, markets need to play an important role in guiding the development of infrastructure, including mechanisms like payments systems.
• This means that innovation and competition will be central to the future development of the payments system – as they are in other areas of the economy.
•  Efficient cash management is a much needed to support an institution’s growth, and therefore, adopting the best cash management practices is essential.

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Functions of Banks Notes Unit 8: Principles of Lending, Working Capital Assessment and Credit Monitoring

• Stocks obtained through Letter of Credit are taken under hypothecation.
• Increase in the ratio of current assets to total assets results in a decline in the profitability of the firm (because investment in current assets is less profitable than those in fixed assets).
•  Term loans are loans which are repayable after one year and up to 10 years. Short term loan for 1-3 years, medium term loans for 3-7 years, long term loans for 7-10 years
•  Difference between term loan and working capital is that term loans are repayable in quarterly or half yearly installments whereas working capital is generally availed in cash credit hypothecation accounts with frequent drawings and is payable on demand.
•  For an assessment of the working capital needs of a borrower who requires fund based limits in excess of Rs 10 crore, the cash budget system (instead of cash flow statement) should be used.
•  Cash flow system deals with both cash and non-cash funds, while the cash budget system deals with cash transactions only.
• The ceiling of banks in providing advances or loans to borrowers is 15% of the capital funds in case of a single borrower and 40% in case of group borrowers.
•  Working capital refers to the sum total of inventory, receivables and other current assets held by a business entity.
•  Working capital is calculated by the banks through the concept of operating cycle, i.e., the time taken by a business entity to get the money released from the raw materials, semi-finished goods, receivables, etc.

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 9: Priority Sector Advances

•  RBI has counselled the banks to raise the shares of priority sector lending to 40 % of the aggregate bank advances.
• Out of this 40 %, 18 % is for agricultural sector (no targets for foreign banks), 10 % is for weaker sections (no targets for foreign banks), and 1 % of previous year’s total advances are given under DRI (Differential Rate of Interest Scheme) (no targets for foreign banks).
• The above mentioned percentage limit is for domestic commercial banks. For foreign banks, 32 % of ANBC (Adjusted Net Bank Credit) is for priority sector advances.
•  Export credit is not a part of priority sector for domestic commercial banks. However foreign banks are given target of 12 % of ANBC.
•  Description of Micro, Small and Medium Sectors:
• Up to 25 lacs – up to 10 lacs Tiny
• 25 lacs to 5 crore – 10 lacs to 2 crore Small
• 5 crore to 10 crore – 2 crore to 5 crore Medium
•  Micro credit involves provision of very small amounts up to Rs 50,000 per borrower.
• The government has decided that the farmers should receive short term credit at 7 % with an upper limit of 3 lakh on the principal amount. On this amount, the government provides interest subvention of 2 % p.a. to the banks.
• The 2 % subvention will be available to banks on condition that they make short term credit available at the ground level with ROI of 7 % p.a.

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 10: Agricultural Finance

•  Loans that are repayable up to 18 months are short term loans.
•  Medium or long term loans are for more than 36 months.
•  All farmers who require loan for their cultivation expenses are eligible to get loan under KCC scheme.
•  KCC is valid for a period of 3 years subject to an annual review. Under this scheme any number of withdrawals and repayments can be done.

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 11: Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in India

•  A credit guarantee scheme was started to provide collateral-free loans to micro and small entrepreneurs.
•  The exemption limit for relief from payment of Central Excise duty was raised to Rs 1 crore.
• The principal financial institution for promotion, financing and development of the MSME sector is the SIDBI.
•  The MSMED Act (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Development Act) 2006 came into effect from 2 Oct 2006.
•  Credit to MSMEs is part of the priority sector lending policy of the banks. Any shortfall in the 10 % limit of MSMEs of the 32 % prescribed limit of priority sector for foreign banks has to be deposited in the SEDF (Small Enterprise Development Fund) set up by SIDBI.
•  If the buyer of the goods fails to make the payment to the supplier within a period of 45 days, the buyer shall be liable to pay compound interest to the supplier on the amount with monthly interest at 3 times of the bank rate.

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 12: Government Sponsored Schemes

•  The Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY) came into effect from 1 April 1999 in the rural areas of the country.
•  SGSY scheme is funded by the centre and state in the ration of 75:25 and will be implemented by commercial banks.
•  DRDA (District Rural Development Agencies) provides fund to those self help group who are in existence for 6 months and have demonstrated the potential of a viable group. This fund is aka revolving fund.
•  In case of group loan, the group is entitled to a subsidy of 50 % of the project cost, subject to per capita subsidy of Rs 10,000 or Rs 1.25 lacs whichever is less.
•  Loan applications under the SGSY scheme should be disposed of within the prescribed limit of 15 days and at any rate, not later than one month.
•  Swarojgaris are covered under the group insurance scheme. The maximum age of Swarojgaris at the time of sanction has to be kept at 60 years of age.
•  Insurance coverage would be for 5 years or till the loan is repaid.
•  For individual loans up to Rs 50,000 and group loans up to Rs 5 lacs, the assets created out of the bank loan would be hypothecated to the bank as a primary security.
•  In case of immovable assets (like minor irrigation, dug well, etc), the security created is mortgage. Where mortgage is also not possible, 3rd party guarantee may be obtained.
•  For all loans (individual or group), in addition to the hypothecation/mortgage/3rd party guarantee, suitable margin money/other collateral security in the form of an insurance policy; marketable security/deeds of other property, etc, may be obtained at the discretion of the bank.
•  Project cost includes bank loan plus government security.
•  Subsidy under SGSY scheme will be 30 % subject to a maximum of Rs 7,500.
•  In respect of SC/STs, Subsidy under SGSY scheme will be 50 % subject to a maximum of Rs 10,000 (per capita) or Rs 1.25 lacs whichever is less.
•  Banks should not charge interest on the subsidy portion of the loan amount.
• All SGSY loans are medium term loans with minimum repayment period 5 years (maximum 9 years).
•  The SJSRY (Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojna) came into effect from 1 April 1997 in all urban towns in India.
•  The SJSRY scheme is funded by the centre and state in the ration of 75:25.
•  Both urban employed and urban unemployed (no age limit) youth whose annual family income is below the poverty line and have got education up to 9th standard come under SJSRY scheme.
•  Project cost up to Rs 50,000 is provided under the SJSRY scheme in case of an individual. Higher project costs would also be covered in the scheme provided the share of each person in the project cost is Rs 50,000 or less.
•  In SJSRY scheme, Subsidy would be provided at the rate of 15 % of the project cost, subject to a ceiling of Rs 7,500 per head.
•  Margin money is 5 % of the project cost in SJSRY scheme.
• In SJSRY scheme, repayment schedule ranges from 3 to 7 years, after initial moratorium period of 6 to 18 months (at bank’s discretion).
•  DWCUA (Development of Women and Children in Urban Areas) group shall consists of at least 10 urban poor women and the subsidy amount would be 50 % of the project cost of Rs.1,25,000, whichever is less.
•  If in DWCUA, the project cost exceeds Rs 2, 50, 000, the project cost less subsidy (Rs.1,25,000) and margin money (@ 5 % of the project cost) would be the component of the bank.
•  The beneficiaries under the SJSRY scheme are identified on the basis of a monthly per capita income and not by the annual family income.
•  The % of women beneficiaries under the SJSRY scheme shall not be less than 30 %.
• The loans granted under the SJSRY scheme come under priority sector advances and hence loan applications for amount up to Rs 25, 000 should be disposed of within a fortnight and for credit limits above Rs 25, 000 within 8-9 weeks.
•  In SJSRY scheme, a loan amount of Rs 50, 000 and group loans up to Rs 3 lacs don’t require a collateral/guarantee. Besides margin, the borrower would hypothecate/mortgage/pledge to the bank the assets created out of the bank loan.
• The PMRY scheme is for unemployed youth between the age of 18-35 years (10 years relaxation in case of women/PH/SC/ST), who are at least 8th standard pass.
•  PMRY scheme covers those unemployed educated youths whose annual family income is below 1 lac per annum and the beneficiary should be a permanent resident of the district for 3 years.
• In case of SHG, PMRY scheme gives subsidy per beneficiary Rs 12,500 subject to a maximum ceiling of Rs 1.25 lacs.
•  In PMRY scheme, bank’s margin money varies from 5 to 12.5 % of the project cost so that the total of subsidy and margin money is equal to 20 % of the project cost.
•  The project cost in PMRY scheme is restricted to Rs 2 lacs for business sector and Rs 5 lacs for industry sector.
•  Margin money in PMRY scheme is 5 to 16.25 % (except in north-eastern states, HP, J&K, Uttaranchal, where it varies from 5 to 12.5 %) of the project cost so as to make the total of subsidy and margin money equal to 20 % of the project cost.
•  In PMRY scheme, subsidy eligible is 15 % of the project cost, subject to a maximum of Rs 12,500 per borrower in states other than north-eastern states, HP, J & K, Uttaranchal.
•  In PMRY scheme, the borrower has to hypothecate/mortgage/pledge to the bank assets. The borrowers will not have to give a collateral security under the industry sector projects with the cost up to Rs 2 lacs (for business sectors) and up to Rs 1 lac for service sectors.
•  The exemption from collateral is limited to Rs 1 lac per person in case of a partnership in PMRY scheme.
•  PMRY loans have repayment period from 3 to 7 years after an initial moratorium.
•  In joint ventures/partnerships, the total project cost should not exceed Rs 10 lacs.
•  In SHG, there may be 5-20 educated unemployed youths and there is no upper ceiling on loan.
•  The exemption from collateral security is Rs 5 lac per borrower in industry sector whereas the exemption is Rs 1 lac per member in services and industry sector.
•  SLRS (Scheme of Liberation and Rehabilitation of Scavengers) was launched on 22 Mar 1992 and the project cost is limited to Rs 50,000 (the banks would give 32,500, subsidy would be 10,000, and 7,500 would be margin money from Scheduled Caste Development Corporations aka SCDC) per head. Margin money is up to 15 % of the project cost and rate of interest 4 %.
•  Under the SLRS scheme, the subsidy would be 50 % of the project cost with a ceiling of Rs.10,000.
•  Loans up to Rs 6,500 are treated as loans under DRI scheme and rate of interest is 4 %. If the loan sanctioned/disbursed is more than Rs 6,500 such loans will attract a rate of interest according to the RBI directive.
•  In SLRS scheme, the security for the loan will only be the hypothecation of the assets. The repayment period is 3-7 years.
•  Loan amount up to Rs 25,000 under SLRS scheme should be disposed of within a fortnight and for amount exceeding Rs 25,000 within 8-9 weeks.

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 13: Self Help Groups

• The Registration of Self Help Groups is compulsory if the number of members is more than 20 (normally an SHG has 5-20 unemployed educated members).
•  The SHG should meet weekly or fortnightly and devise a code of conduct (Group Management Norms) to bind itself.
•  The SHG builds a group corpus fund by voluntary saving from members.

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 14: Credit Cards, Home Loans, Personal Loans, and Consumer Loans

Credit card is a small plastic card issued to the users as a system of payment and is also one of the delivery channels of the banking services. Credit card holder can buy goods and services based on the holder’s promise to pay for these goods and services. The issuer of the card creates a revolving account and grants a line of credit to the consumer from which the user can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance to the user.

Benefits to Credit Card Holders

• They can purchase goods and services at a large number of merchant outlets up to the inbuilt ceiling credit limit amount without using cash or cheque. This is generally useful in emergencies.
• Card holder has a period of interest free credit, depending upon the issuing bank and the card scheme, i.e. the normal card and gold cards, as offered by various banks. The period of interest free credit ranges from 15 days to 51 days.
• Cash up to a mark, within the credit limit is obtainable from the banks’ branches or ATMs (Automated Teller Machines).

Disadvantages to Credit Card Holders:

•  Credit Card users often spend out of their limit.
• Frauds, due to the loss of card in the intervening periods.
• Since signatures are already on the cards, forged signatures could cause a loss to the card holders. Such kind of a forged signature loss is avoided with the use of photo credit cards.

Parties involved in Credit Card:

Cardholder: The holder of the card used to make a purchase; the consumer.

Card-issuing bank: The financial institution or other organization that issues the credit card to the cardholder. This bank bills the consumer for repayment and bears the risk that the card is used fraudulently. American Express and Discover were previously the only card-issuing banks for their respective brands, but as of 2007, this is no longer the case. Cards issued by banks to cardholders in a different country are known as offshore credit cards.

Merchant: The individual or business accepting credit card payments for products or services sold to the cardholder.

Acquiring bank: The financial institution accepting payment for the products or services on behalf of the merchant.

Independent sales organization: Resellers (to merchants) of the services of the acquiring bank.

Merchant account: This could refer to the acquiring bank or the independent sales organization, but in general is the organization that the merchant deals with.

Credit Card association: An association of card-issuing banks such as Discover, Visa, MasterCard, American Express, etc. that set transaction terms for merchants, card-issuing banks, and acquiring banks.

Transaction network: The system that implements the mechanics of the electronic transactions. May be operated by an independent company, and one company may operate multiple networks.

Affinity partner: Some institutions lend their names to an issuer to attract customers that have a strong relationship with that institution, and get paid a fee or a percentage of the balance for each card issued using their name. Examples of typical affinity partners are sports teams, universities, charities, professional organizations, and major retailers.

Home Loans

Home loans are available to resident Indians and NRIs for the purchase or construction of house or flats, repairs and renovation of house. The Procedure and Practices for Home Loans:

Target Group: Normally, the target group is the salaried class, professionals, self-employed and businessmen. Banks fix the age criteria for availing the loan.

Purpose: The purpose of the loan is for the purchase or construction of house or flats, repairs and renovation of house, and in some banks, for purchase of house sites also.

 Loan Quantum: The quantum of eligible loan is fixed based on the gross monthly income/net monthly income. For this, banks ask for a salary certificate for the salaried class or the Income tax return for others. Bank also ask for the statement of bank account for a prescribed period.

Age: Banks fix the lower and upper age for availing the loan taking in to consideration the remaining period of service, in the case of salaried class and the income earning capacity during the period of loan for others.

Repayment: Most of the banks are giving long repayment period, say 20-25 years. The repayment will be based on equated monthly instalments (EMI). In case of loan for purchase of a ready built house, it should be ensured that the remaining life of the building should be longer than the repayment period allowed, plus a cushion period, says ten years. Normally banks allow a holiday period for repayment. The holiday period for construction will be more than it is, for the purchase of ready built house.

Security: Generally, the property purchased or constructed out of the bank loan is taken by way of mortgage. Sometimes, when the income of the spouse is taken for arriving at the quantum of loan, his/ her guarantee is also taken as personal security.

Margin: Banks stipulate that a certain percentage of the project cost, say fifteen per cent, is to be borne by the borrower from his own sources. When the loan is for repairs/renovation, banks stipulate a higher margin.

Rate of Interest: When compared to the rate of interest for other loans, the rate of interest for home loan is cheaper. Most of the banks offer a rate of interest below the ‘Bench Mark Prime Lending Rate’ (BPLR). Banks also offers a floating rate and a fixed rate option to the borrower.

Documents Required:

At the time of applying for the loan, the banks ask for some necessary documents namely;

• Agreement of Sale/Sale deed
• No Encumbrance certificate NIL EC (for 13 years)
• Parent document for 30 years
• Approved building plan
• Patta (NOC from Housing Board, etc., wherever applicable)
• Valuation report from the Bank’s approved engineer
• Bank statement for last 12 months

Personal Loans

Procedure and Practices for Salary Loans:

Target group: Permanent employees with a minimum service or experience of say three years, with a Government or quasi Government/boards/endowments/reputed companies/corporate industrial establishments, etc. The stipulation of minimum period of service may vary from bank to bank.

Purpose: For meeting of marriage, educational and medical expenses, to celebrate family functions and for other household expenses.

Eligible Amount: The eligible amount of a loan is calculated based on so many times of the gross or net salary. While arriving at the quantum of loan, the minimum take home pay say, forty per cent of the gross salary, will be stipulated after the proposed EMI.

Security: Sometimes banks insist on the guarantee of another person, if there is no collateral security, or in case, the account is with the branch, a letter giving an undertaking from the borrower to debit his account for the EMI. When the employer of the borrower sponsors the loan, he is asked for an undertaking, to the bank to recover the EMI from the salary and remit into the bank.

Documents: Proof of employment and salary certificate are normally obtained. After sanction of the loan, banks take the necessary loan documents such as; DPN, salary loan agreement, etc., from the borrower and a guarantee agreement from the guarantor, if any.

The rate of interest on this loan will be higher than other loans as there is no collateral security. Some banks are taking post-dated cheques for the future EMI. Banks allow 36-60 months as repayment period. Normally banks demand a certain percentage of the loan amount; say one per cent, as a processing fee.

Consumer Loans:

Target group: Salaried class, pensioners, professionals, self-employed business persons and other individuals who have regular income.

Purpose: For purchase of consumer durables and white goods like TV, VCR, VCP, air conditioners, refrigerators, personal computers and accessories, etc.

Eligible amount: While arriving at the quantum of loan, the cost of the article to be purchased and the margin be brought by the borrower are taken into account. The minimum take home pay, say forty per cent of the gross salary, shall also be ensured after the proposed EMI.

Security: Hypothecation of the article purchased out of the bank loan.

Margin: Normally a margin of 10-20 per cent is stipulated.

Repayment: Banks allow a thirty six to sixty months repayment period.

Documents: The documents to be obtained are: salary certificate for three months for self and spouse (if spouse income is also taken into account for arriving at the eligibility) IT returns or Form 16 for two to three years in case of professionals, businessmen, Self-employed person. Statement of account or passbook, showing one year’s transactions. Some banks are taking post-dated cheques for the future EMI. After sanction of the loan, banks take necessary loan documents such as DPN, hypothecation agreement, etc., from the borrower and a guarantee agreement from the guarantor if any. Normally banks demand a certain percentage of the loan amount, say one per cent, as a processing fee.

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 15: Documentation

•  There are 3 types of documents taken by a bank for a loan – DPN, agreement, and form.
•  DPN (Demand Promissory Note) is a document which a bank takes when there is no fixed period for the repayment of loan.
• In DPN, the borrower makes a promise to the banker to repay the loan amount on demand with agreed rate of interest.
• DPN must be stamped as per Indian Stamps Act.
• An agreement includes the amount of loan, rate of interest, rate of penal interest, % of margin, period of repayment, rights of the bankers in case of default of loan, details of security/securities charged, etc.
• The agreement must be stamped.
• Forms are neither promised nor agreement. They are obtained to specify the intention of the borrower. For ex, when a loan is granted against the security of a FD standing in joint names, one of them gives an authorization to the other to raise a loan on the deposit. Such an authorization is taken in a form.
• For correct documentation, the steps followed are – selection of correct set of documents, stamping, filling, execution, and legal formalities.
•  The cancellation of adhesive stamp is done as per Section 12 of the Indian Stamp Act.
•  In case of advances to limited companies against its assets, the required forms are to be presented to the Registrar of Companies with the 30 days from the date of execution.
• In case of creation of registered mortgages, the mortgage deed is presented for registration before the Registrar of Assurances within 4 months from the date of execution of the deed.
•  The documents submitted to the bank don’t have perpetual life, the provision of Limitation Act apply to them. The Limitation Act prescribes the period of limitation for different types of documents.
•  The limitation period for a DPN is 3 years from the date of execution. It means if the loan is not repaid within 3 years, the bank has to get fresh documents for extending the period.
• If the borrower or his duly authorized agent makes any part payment towards the loan before the expiry of period of limitation, then the period of limitation is extended by one more period from the date of such part payment.
•  Securitization is the process of acquisition of large NPA loan or portfolio of loans such as housing, by Securitization or Reconstruction Co from a bank or financial institution on mutually agreed terms and conditions.

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 16: Different Modes of Charging Securities

1. Assignment is transfer of a right, property or a debt. The transferor is called assignor and the transferee is called assignee.

2. A borrower may assign the book debt, money due from government department and LIC as security for an advance.

3. Under the provision of the Insurance Act, an LIC is assignable by an endorsement on the back of the policy or by a separate deed of assignment, but notice of such assignment must be given to the insurer by the assignee or assignor.

4. Under section 171 of the Indian Contract Act, lien is the right of the banker to retain (and sell if need arises) possession of goods and securities owned by the debtor until the debt due from the latter is paid.

5. Lien is an implied (understood) pledge.

6. Set-off means adjusting the debit balance in one account of the debtor with the credit balance in another account of the same debtor. It is also applicable in case of partnership accounts.

7. Lien and set-off both cannot be exercised at a time.

8. Hypothecation is a charge created on movable property without delivery of possession of the property.

9. Hypothecation differs from pledge because goods remain in the possession of the borrower in hypothecation.

10. Hypothecation transforms into pledge when the possession of the goods is transferred to the creditor.

11. Hypothecation differs from mortgage because mortgage relates to immovable property but hypothecation relates to movables. Also, in hypothecation, there is only obligation to repay money and no transfer of interest but in mortgage, there is transfer of interest in the property to the creditor.

12. Pledge means bailment of goods for purpose of providing security for payment of debt or performance of a promise (as per section 172 of the Contract Act 1872).

13. In pledge, there is actual or constructive (no physical) delivery of goods to the Pawnee (who takes the goods as security).

14. 6 types of mortgage are :

1. Simple mortgage – mortgage is by deposit of title deeds, mortgagee has a right to proceed against the property mortgaged and also personally against the mortgagor
2. Mortgage by conditional sale – possession of mortgaged properties is given
3. Usufructuary mortgage – possession of mortgaged properties is given
4. English mortgage – possession of mortgaged properties is not given
5. Mortgage by deposit of title deeds – it is not required to be created by way of a deed and desn’t require registration
6. Anomalous mortgage

15. Mortgage is to be created by way of deed and requires to be registered under the Registration Act.

16. Limitation period for filing a suit for sale of mortgage property is 12 years from the date mortgage debt becomes due.

17. Limitation period for filing a suit for foreclosure of mortgage property is 30 years from the date mortgage debt becomes due.

18. Bankers generally prefer simple mortgage and mortgage by deposit of title deeds.

Liner Definition:

19. Pledge: When lender possess movable security.

20. Hypothecation: When lender has a charge against movable security, which is not in lender’s possession.

21. Mortgage: when lender has a charge against immovable property, not in its possession.

22. Lien: not necessarily the security is in your possession, but we have frozen it for any debit/withdrawal transaction

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 17: Types of Collaterals and their Characteristics

1. Security is of two types – primary and collateral.

2. Primary security is one that is regarded as the main cover for an advance, generally assets against which advance are made. Ex stocks for cash credits, machinery for term loans.

3. Collateral security is security other than primary security.

4. Mortgage of immovable property is either primary or collateral.

5. When doing mortgage, encumbrance certificate is taken for generally 13 years to check no encumbrance exists on the property.

6. The nature of charge created on lands and buildings is mortgage.

7. The nature of charge created on goods may be pledge or hypothecation.

8. In the case of key cash credit, the nature of charge created is pledge because in this case, the possession of goods is transferred to the banker.

9. In the case of open cash credit, the nature of charge created is hypothecation because in this case, the possession of goods is not transferred to the banker.

10. In both the key cash credit and open cash credit (means in either case of pledge or hypothecation), the title in the goods is not transferred to the bank.

11. The valuation of the stocks is done on the basis of cost price or market price whichever is less.

12. Documents of title to goods means a document used in the ordinary course of business as a proof of possession or control of goods authorising or purporting (claiming) to authorise either by endorsement or delivery (as per section 2(4) of Sales of Goods Act).

13. Goods represented by the documents are transferrable by endorsement and/or delivery of the documents. It looks like negotiable instruments but actually they are quasi-negotiable instruments.

14. Examples of documents of title are bill of lading, dock warrant, warehouse-keepers certificate, railway receipts, delivery orders, etc.

15. LICs are taken either as primary or collateral security.

16. Nomination under the LIC is automatically cancelled in the event of the assignment of the policy.

17. The nature of charge created while making advances against shares is a pledge.

18. Banks provide either demand loan or an over draft against the security of shares.

19. Shares should be in demat form and should be quoted in a recognised stock exchange.

20. Advances are granted against fully paid shares only.

21. No loan can be granted against the security of a private limited company.

22. No banking company can hold shares in any company of an amount exceeding 30 % the paid up share capital of that company or 30 % of its own paid up share capital and reserves whichever is less (BR Act 1949, section 19 (2)).

23. If the securities (of shares, debentures and PSU bonds) are in physical form, loans against to individuals should not exceed the limit of Rs 10 lac per borrower.

24. If the securities (of shares, debentures and PSU bonds) are in demat form, loans against to individuals should not exceed the limit of Rs 20 lac per borrower.

25. ESOP (Employees Stock Option Plan) is a scheme under which banks provide loan to employees for purchasing shares of their own companies.

26. Under ESOP, an employee can purchase to the extent of 90 % of the purchase price of shares or Rs 20 lac, whichever is less.

27. In case of advances against shares, a uniform margin of 50 % shall be applicable on all advances/financing of IPOs/issue of guarantees. And within this margin of 50 %, a minimum cash margin of 25 % shall be maintained in respect of guarantees issued by banks for capital market operations.

28. Banks also give loans under book debts.

29. Book debts mean account receivables (total of debit balance in the purchaser’s account).

30. Book debts can be financed by: factoring (lesson 7), forfeiting (outright i.e. complete purchase of book debts, and overdraft and cc against hypothecation of book debts.

31. Age of the book debts should be 3-6 months old, but not later.

32. Margin of 50 % is maintained in book debts.

33. Banks may provide advances against the security of time deposits such as FD or RD.

34. The nature of facility granted against the security of term deposits may either be a loan or an overdraft.

35. The nature of charge created while granting loan against time deposits is a pledge.

36. Normally loans up to 90 % of the deposit amount/accrued value of the deposit is provided.

37. The ROI charged on the loan would be 1 or 2 % above the interest rate offered on the deposits.

38. Loans given to a sole proprietor against deposit in the name of the proprietor concern should NOT be treated as 3rd party loan.

39. Loans given to a partner against deposit in the name of the firm should be treated as 3rd party loan and interest should be charged at the commercial rate.

40. If a company seeks loan against its deposit, a board resolution authorising the company to raise the loan should be obtained. The charge of pledge need not be registered with the ROC.

41. A deposit held under ‘Capital Gain Scheme’ is not eligible for loan.

42. The nature of charge created under the security of gold ornaments is a pledge.

43. No loan can be given against the security of pure gold.

44. Around 30 % margin is kept on the market value of the ornaments.

45. The nature of charge created under ‘Supply Bills’ is assignment

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 18: Non-performing Assets

1. Asset Classification to be borrower-wise and not facility-wise

2. Assets classified into Stanard, Sub standard, Doubtful, Loss. Except standard all others are NPAs.

3. When an account becomes NPA it is called Sub standard asset.

4. An account remains sub standard up to 12 months from the date of becoming NPA

5. Doubtful Assets : An asset is to be classified as doubtful, if it has remained NPA or sub standard for a period exceeding 12 months.

6. Loss Assets : A loss asset is one where loss has been identified by the bank or internal or external auditors or the RBI inspection but the amount has not been written off wholly.

7. When an account is classified as Doubtful or Loss without waiting for 12 months: If in an account which was secured in the beginning, the realizable value of tangible security falls below10%of the outstanding, it should be classified loss asset without waiting for 12months

8. If the realizable value of security is 10% or above but below 50% of the outstanding, it should be classified as doubtful irrespective of the period for which it has remained, NPA.

 PROVISIONING NORMS: Provisioning is made on all types of assets i.e. Standard, Sub standard, Doubtful and loss assets.

Standard Assets:

• Direct advance to agriculture or Micro and Small Enterprise (Not medium) : 0.25%of outstanding;
• Commercial Real Estate: 1%of outstanding;
• Housing Loans with teaser interest rates: 2%of outstanding; All others: 0.4%of outstanding
• The provisions on Standard Assets is shown as ‘Contingent Provisions against Standard Assets’ under ‘Other Liabilities and Provisions Others’ in Schedule 5 of the balance sheet.

 Sub Standard Assets:

• Secured sub standard: 15% of outstanding balance without considering securities available.
• Unsecured sub standard: if the loan was unsecured from the beginning: 25%of outstanding balance.
• If unsecured sub standard for infrastructure: 25%of outstanding balance.
• Unsecured exposure means exposure where the realisable value of the security, as assessed by the bank/approved valuers/Reserve Bank’s inspecting officers, is not more than 10 percent, ab-initio, of the outstanding exposure.

Doubtful Assets:

• Unsecured portion: 100%
• Secured portion: 25% to 100% depending on the period for which account is doubtful

Age of Doubtful Asset	Provision as % of secured portion
Doubtful up to 1 year D1	25% of RVS (Realisable value of security)
Doubtful for more than 1 year to 3 years D2	40% of RVS
Doubtful for more than 3 years; D3	100% of RVS

5. Loss Assets: 100%of the outstanding amount.

6. If loan is guaranteed by ECGC, CGFT or CGFLHS, provision not on guaranteed portion

7. Provision on advance against FD, NSC, LIP, KVP as per their asset classification.

8. Overall provisions: Provisioning coverage ratio, including floating provisions, should not be less than 70 per cent.

9. Provisioning coverage ratio is the ratio of provisioning to gross NPAs.

10. Provision on Standard account to be kept as part of Other Liabilities in Schedule-5 of bank’s
balance sheet.

11. Provision on Standard accounts to be done on Global balance and for NPA accounts on Gross Balance

12. For Doubtful accounts, provision to be done separately for secured portion and unsecured portion of total balance in the account.

13. In case of standard and sub standard assets, provision is on outstanding balance without bifurcating the balance into secured or unsecured.

14. Floating provisions can be deducted from Gross NPAs or treated as part of Tier Il capital but not both.

Upgradation of Loan Accounts Classified as NPAs

1. if arrears of interest and principal are paid by the borrower in the case of loan accounts classified as NPAs, the account may be classified as ‘standard’ accounts immediately.

2. Restructured accounts: After one year after the date when first payment of interest or of principal, whichever is earlier, falls due, subject to satisfactory performance during 12 months period from the date of starting payment after moratorium period

Functions of Banks Notes Unit 19: Financial Inclusion and Financial Literacy

Financial inclusion or inclusive financing is the delivery of financial products, at affordable costs to sections of disadvantaged and low-income segments of society. It is in contrast to financial exclusion, where those services are not available or affordable.

As per United Nations, the goals of financial inclusion is, to ensure access to a full range of financial services, at a reasonable cost, to ensure continuity and certainty of investment.

India: RBI set up the Rangarajan Committee in 2004 to look into financial inclusion.
Financial inclusion first featured in 2005 when Mangalam became the first village in India where all households were provided banking facilities.

RBI initiatives:

1. Opening of no-frills accounts (replaced by basic saving bank accounts)
2. Relaxation KYC norms for small deposit accounts.
3. Allowing engaging business correspondents (BCs)
4. Effective use of information and communications technology (ICT), to provide doorstep banking services
5. Implementation of electronic benefit transfer ( EBT) by leveraging ICT-based banking 6. Issue of general credit cards for amount up to Rs.25000
7. Simplified branch authorization for tier III to tier VI centres (population of less than 50,000) under general permission

Financial Inclusion Index: On June 25, 2013, CRISIL, launched an index (Inclusix) to measure the status of financial inclusion in India. Inclusix is a one-of-its-kind tool to measure the extent of inclusion in India, in each of the 632 districts. It is a relative index on a scale of 0 to 100, and combines 3 critical parameters of basic banking services : branch penetration, deposit penetration, and credit penetration, into one metric.

RBI Roadmap for Financial Inclusion

Under RBI’s earlier roadmap (of Sep 2010) 74,414 unbanked villages were allocated to banks for opening of banking outlets. Banks opened banking outlets in 74,199 (99.7%) villages by March 2012.

New roadmap: To take financial inclusion to the next stage of providing universal coverage and facilitating Electronic Benefit Transfer, banks have been advised) to draw up FIP for 2013-16 and disaggregate the FIPs to the controlling office and branch level. RBI advised State Level Bankers’ Committees (SLBCs) to prepare a roadmap covering all unbanked villages of population less than 2000 and notionally allot these villages to banks for providing banking services, in a time-bound manner to provide with at least one banking outlet. The lead banks are to constitute a Sub-Committee of the District Consultative Committees (DCCs) to draw up a roadmap for provision of banking services in every village having a population below 2000 (2001 census) for providing banking services, in a time bound manner.

FAQs: Functions of Banks Notes

Q.1 Where can we get the detail notes of Functions of Banks for JAIIB PPB Exam 2022?

Ans. The detailed notes of Functions of Banks for JAIIB PPB Exam 2022 is provided in the article above.

Q.2 How many modules are there in JAIIB PPB Paper for JAIIB Exam 2022?

Ans. There are five modules in JAIIB PPB Paper for JAIIB Exam 2022.