Directions (1-5): In each of the following questions an inference is given in bold which is then followed by three paragraphs. You need to find the paragraph(s) from where it is inferred. Choose the option with the best possible alternative as your choice.
Q1. Enabling an education that is pertinent to the economy and society is still a challenge to be addressed.
(I)The sharing of educational materials has significant potential to improve the quality, transparency and accessibility of higher education systems. The OER has the tremendous potential to provide groups of people particularly who cannot afford a formal education and are disadvantaged with access to higher education. OER can contribute to the democratisation of higher education not only locally or regionally, but globally as well.
(II)With the Japanese government focusing on every opportunity to emerge as a top-draw for foreign students, besides showing a keen interest in growing its international enrollment and boosting employment outcomes, Japan is soon set to become the destination of choice for higher studies amongst foreign students.
(III)The problems that confront education today are low rates of enrolment, unequal access, poor quality of infrastructure and lack of relevance. The goals remain the same — expansion with inclusion and ensuring quality and relevant education. The aim should be to arrive at a proper estimate of universities and undergraduate institutions in order to plan a strategy for the next 20 years or so.
(a)Only (I)
(b)Only (II)
(c)Only (III)
(d)Both (I) and (III)
(e)All (I), (II) and (III)
Q2. The significant contributions by the ageing population depict that pejorative perceptions against them need to be challenged.
(I)China’s working age population has been declining since 2012 and is projected to shrink by almost a quarter by 2050. This is not a slope, it is a cliff edge. The government’s about-face is unlikely to help much. The causal links between rising prosperity and declining fertility have been conclusively established.(II)A not inconsiderable benefit of a workforce aged over 65 is the wealth of experience: Porlock Futures’ executive committee of six has an average age of 70 and boasts retired executive directors of FTSE 100 companies, multinational managers, and international consultants. Their expertise helped them crowdfund £107,000 from 850 households in the local area.
(III)Age is no longer a predictor of performance. “Old” is not a useful word to determine ability, any more than other stereotyped labels. Individuals will age differently, so employers and society should not make sweeping generalisations or judgments on the basis of chronological age.
(a)Only (I)
(b)Only (II)
(c)Only (III)
(d)Both (II) and (III)
(e)All (I), (II) and (III)
Q3. The pervasive impact of technology has induced a healthy competition in the frictionless digital payments market.
(I) The entry of WhatsApp into digital payments is set to significantly expand the digital payments market in India and could threaten the dominance of Paytm, highlighting the challenges that pure consumer payments firms face in defending their turf.
(II)”Going cashless” has become the norm post-demonetization. Virtually every sector has been active in assessing and adopting different forms of digital payments. Sectors like transport, entertainment, and retail have proactively adopted digital payment mechanisms even beyond the traditional credit and debit cards.
(III)As WhatsApp gets ready with its payment service in India, it will be one more among the many digital payments services available at our disposal. Since the demonetisation, the push for digital wallets has been immense. It has reached a point where slowly, but surely, a lot of online as well as offline establishments are accepting payment via digital wallet apps.
(a)Only (I)
(b)Only (III)
(c)Both (I) and (II)
(d)Both (II) and (III)
(e)All (I), (II) and (III)
Q4. The advancement in the generation of Renewable sources of energy is a welcome move in the energy sector.
(I)The Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs) make it compulsory for all large consumers of energy to ensure that a certain percentage of that energy mix is from renewable sources such as wind and solar. The compulsion is like an implicit subsidy boost to the renewable sector. It generates demand for a sector in its infancy.
(II)Instead, solar competes with coal, natural gas, hydro, and nuclear power. Solar, the newest to the mix, makes up less than 1 percent of the electricity market today but will be the world’s biggest single source by 2050, according to the International Energy Agency. Demand is so strong that the biggest limit to installations this year may be the availability of panels.
(III)Floating windfarms are likely to be the next large-scale development in renewable energy. The first Hywind Scotland, developed by the Norwegian state oil giant, Statoil, has proved a greater success than its designers hoped. The five giant six-megawatt turbines, 25 miles east of Peterhead, produced more power than expected in the first three months and withstood hurricane-force winds and giant waves.
(a)Only (I)
(b)Only (II)
(c)Only (III)
(d)Both (II) and (III)
(e)All (I), (II) and (III)
Q5. The different methods to diagnose and treat cancer are still incompatible exercises.
(I)Scientists at the Department of Science and Technology have fabricated highly biocompatible porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanoparticles as a versatile vehicle to deliver anti-cancer drugs to the nuclei of tumour cells without utilizing any intrinsic ligands (ions or molecules). However, the nucleus of any cell contains the majority of its genetic material.
(II)A cancer patient feels more confident about a treatment if s/he understands what it is doing to his/her body. The main pathways to cancer treatment are surgery (aggressive or non-aggressive), radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Often, cancer drugs lead to side effects which doctors might not have predicted, and that leads to panic-stricken days and nights.
(III)Currently, the most common treatment for cancer involves radiation and use of gamma rays to kill cancer cells. However, this inflicts collateral damage—healthy cells also get destroyed along with cancer cells. Radiation treatment with a cyber-knife is much more precise, but very expensive.
(a)Only (I)
(b)Only (III)
(c)Both (I) and (II)
(d)Both (II) and (III)
(e)All (I), (II) and (III)
Directions (6-7): Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text. If none follows, choose (e) as your answer.
Q6. The human race is spread all over the world, from the polar regions to the tropics. The people of whom it is made up eat different kinds of food, partly according to the climate in which they live, and partly according to the kind in food which their country produces. In hot climates, meat and fat are not much needed; but in the Arctic regions they seem to be very necessary for keeping up the heat of the body. Thus, in India, people live chiefly on different kinds of grains, eggs, milk, or sometimes fish and meat. In Europe, people eat more meat and less grain. In the Arctic regions, where no grains and fruits are produced, the Eskimo and other races live almost entirely on meat and fish.
(a) Food eaten by people in different regions of the world depends on the climate and produce of the region, and varies from meat and fish in the Arctic to predominantly grains in the tropics.
(b) Hot climates required people to eat grains while cold regions require people to eat meat and fish.
(c) In hot countries people eat mainly grains while in the Arctic, they eat meat and fish because they cannot grow grains.
(d) While people in Arctic regions like meat and fish and those in hot regions like India prefer mainly grains, they have to change what they eat depending on the local climate and local produce.
(e) None of these.
Q7. You seemed at first to take no notice of your school-fellows, or rather to set yourself against them because they were strangers to you. They knew as little of you as you did of them; this would have been the reason for their keeping aloof from you as well, which you would have felt as a hardship. Learn never to conceive a prejudice against other because you know nothing of them. It is bad reasoning, and make enemies of half the world. Do not think ill of them till they behave ill to you; and then strive to avoid the faults which you see in them. This will disarm their hostility sooner than pique or resentment or complaint.(a) The discomfort you felt with your school fellows was because both sides knew little of each other. You should not complain unless you find others prejudiced against you and have attempted to carefully analyze the faults you have observed in them.
(b) The discomfort you felt with your school fellows was because both sides knew little of each other. Avoid prejudice and negative thoughts till you encounter bad behaviour from others, and then win them over by shunning the faults you have observed.
(c) You encountered hardship amongst your school fellows because you did not know them well. You should learn not to make enemies because of your prejudices irrespective of their behaviour towards you.
(d) You encountered hardship amongst your school fellows because you did not know them well. You should learn not to make enemies because of your prejudices unless they behave badly with you.
(e) None of these.
Directions (8-15): Select the phrase/connector (STARTERS) from the given three options which can be used to form a single sentence from the two sentences given below, implying the same meaning as expressed in the statement sentences.
Q8. [I] HC decided the issue in favour of the taxpayer and allowed deductions in respect of the claim of Education Cess.
[II] The HC agreed with the argument put forward by the taxpayer that Education Cess cannot be treated at par with tax.
(i) While deciding the issue in favour…
(ii) At the time of deciding the issue in favour…
(iii) However HC decided the issue…
(a) Only (i)
(b) Only (i) and (ii)
(c) Only (ii) and (iii)
(d) Only (iii)
(e) None of these
Q9. [I] The AIADMK government has failed to get the seven convicts in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination case released by exercising its statutory power to remit life sentences.
[II] Later, the AIADMK government in Tamil Nadu has taken recourse to a possible constitutional remedy.
(i) After failing to get the seven convicts…
(ii) The AIADMK government in Tamil Nadu has ensued recourse…
(iii) Subsequent the failure of the AIADMK government to…
(a) Only (i)
(b) Only (i) and (ii)
(c) Only (ii) and (iii)
(d) All of these
(e) None of these
Q10. [I] The strain of the lack of a clear majority for the Social Democrats becomes apparent
[II] Prime Minister Löfven faces calls from the Moderate party to step down.
(i) As the strain of the lack of a…
(ii) As Prime Minister Löfven faces calls…
(iii) As the Social Democrats becomes…
(a) Only (ii)
(b) Only (i) and (ii)
(c) Only (ii) and (iii)
(d) All of these
(e) None of these
Q11. [I] There has been a healthy economic growth and relatively low levels of unemployment.
[II] The challenge for the new government is to address the mounting demands on the country’s public health care and education services.
(i) With healthy economic growth…
(ii) Given that there has been healthy…
(iii) Provided that there has been healthy…
(a) Only (ii)
(b) Only (i) and (ii)
(c) Only (ii) and (iii)
(d) All of these
(e) None of these
Q12. [I] The IITs were created with exactly the same intentions and in a similar manner.
[II] The tragedy is these exceptions failed to create lasting and great traditions.
(i) In spite of the fact that IITs were created…
(ii) However, the tragedy is…
(iii) In view of the exceptions…
(a) Only (ii)
(b) Only (i) and (ii)
(c) Only (ii) and (iii)
(d) All of these
(e) None of these
Q13. (A) Increased co-operation is not necessarily indicative of integration.
(B) Increased co-operation is significant as a response to globalization.
(i) While Increased co-operation is ……
(ii) Increased co-operation being not necessarily….
(iii) As a response to globalization……
(a)Only (i) is correct
(b)Only (ii) is correct
(c)Only (iii) is correct
(d)Both (i) and (ii) are correct
(e)None is correct
Q14. (A) Indian democracy was preceded by a relatively modern state
(B)Indian democracy was hindered by the very same state.
(i)Though Indian democracy was preceded…………
(ii)Although Indian democracy was preceded………
(iii)Nevertheless Indian democracy was hindered…..
(a)Only (i) is correct
(b)Only (ii) is correct
(c)Only (iii) is correct
(d)Both (i) and (ii) are correct
(e)All are correct
Q15. (A)The castaway was fed intravenously at first.
(B)The castaway was deprived of food for over twenty days.
(i)Having been deprived of food for over …..
(ii) Depriving of food for over twenty days….
(iii) Since the castaway was fed intravenously ….
(a)Only (i) is correct
(b)Only (ii) is correct
(c)Only (iii) is correct
(d)Both (i) and (ii) are correct
(e)None are correct
Solutions
S1. Ans. (c)
Sol. Read the third paragraph carefully, it is mentioned that even today our education sector is plagued with the problems like low rates of enrolment, poor quality of infrastructure and lack of relevance, which require a thorough strategy to deal with. Thus, the paragraph follows the given inference quite aptly. However, in the case of paragraphs (I) and (II), both these paragraphs focus on the improvement required in higher studies. The paragraph (I) is about the OER (Open Educational Resources) and its role in improving the quality, transparency and accessibility of higher education systems. Similarly, the second paragraph is about the interest of Japan in growing its international enrollment and boosting employment outcomes. Thus, both the paragraphs do not infer the required theme. Hence only the third paragraph derive the similar inference, “Enabling an education that is pertinent to the economy and society is still a challenge to be addressed.”
S2. Ans. (d)
Sol. There are clear indications in the paragraphs (II) and (III) that there have been significant contributions made by the ageing population and their rich stock of experience still counts but the disparaging perceptions against them need to be changed. Both the paragraphs give an ample suggestion that age is no longer a predictor of performance. Thus, they infer the similar meanings. But in the case of paragraph (I), it infers a different meaning. The paragraph (I) almost infers an opposite meaning. It is more about the possible threat of an ageing population. Hence both the paragraphs (II) and (III) agree with the given inference, “The significant contributions by the ageing population depict that pejorative perceptions against them need to be challenged.”
S3. Ans. (e)
Sol. All the given paragraphs lead to the similar conclusion that the recent dependence on technology has forced many digital payments companies to compete among one another and this healthy competition has allowed the digital payments market to extend their limit beyond traditional credit and debit cards. Thus, all the three paragraphs generate the required inference, “The pervasive impact of technology has induced a healthy competition in the frictionless digital payments market.” Hence option (e) is the correct choice.
S4. Ans. (d)
Sol. Read the paragraphs (II) and (III), both the paragraphs infer the similar meaning that there has been a significant development in the production and usage of renewable sources of energy especially solar energy and wind energy. They also indicate that in coming years, the renewable energy will find a greater success. However, the first paragraph is more about the Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs) than the development in this sector. Thus, the paragraph (I) doesn’t infer the exact statement as the question demands. Hence both the paragraphs (II) and (III) agree with the given inference, “The advancement in the generation of Renewable sources of energy is a welcome move in the energy sector.”
S5. Ans. (e)
Sol. All the given paragraphs lead to the similar conclusion that despite several efforts by the scientists, the treatment of cancer hasn’t found a suitable and compatible solution. The existing methods are too expensive and at the same time they have numbers of side-effects. Thus, all the three paragraphs generate the required inference, “The different methods to diagnose and treat cancer are still incompatible exercises.” Hence option (e) is the correct choice.
S6. Ans. (a)
Sol. Food eaten by people in different regions of the world depends on the climate and produce of the region, and varies from meat and fish in the Arctic to predominantly grains in the tropics.
S7. Ans. (b)
Sol. The discomfort you felt with your school fellows was because both sides knew little of each other. Avoid prejudice and negative thoughts till you encounter bad behaviour from others, and then win them over by shunning the faults you have observed.
S8. Ans. (b)
Sol. Both the starters (i) and (ii) can be used to frame a meaningful sentence without altering the exact meaning of the given sentences. However, it is not possible to construct a contextual sentence using the third starter as it would alter the intended meaning. Hence option (b) is the correct choice.
(i) While deciding the issue in favour of the taxpayer and allowing deductions in respect of the claim of Education Cess, the HC agreed with the argument put forward by the taxpayer that Education Cess cannot be treated at par with tax.
(ii) At the time of deciding the issue in favour of the taxpayer and allowing deductions in respect of the claim of Education Cess, the HC agreed with the argument put forward by the taxpayer that Education Cess cannot be treated at par with tax.
S9. Ans. (d)
Sol. All the three starters can be used to frame a meaningful sentence without altering the intended meaning of the given sentences. Hence option (d) is the correct choice.
(i) After failing to get the seven convicts in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination case released by exercising its statutory power to remit life sentences, the AIADMK government in Tamil Nadu has taken recourse to a possible constitutional remedy.
(ii) The AIADMK government in Tamil Nadu has ensued recourse to a possible constitutional remedy, after it failed to get the seven convicts in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination case released by exercising its statutory power to remit life sentences.
(iii) Subsequent to the failure of the AIADMK government in Tamil Nadu to get the seven convicts in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination case released by exercising its statutory power to remit life sentences, the AIADMK government has taken recourse to a possible constitutional remedy.
S10. Ans. (b)
Sol. Both the starters (i) and (ii) can be used to frame a meaningful sentence without altering the exact meaning of the given sentences. However, it is not possible to construct a contextual sentence using the third starter as it would alter the intended meaning. Hence option (b) is the correct choice.
(i) As the strain of the lack of a clear majority for the Social Democrats becomes apparent, Prime Minister Löfven faces calls from the Moderate party to step down.
(ii) As Prime Minister Löfven faces calls from the Moderate party to step down, the strain of the lack of a clear majority for the Social Democrats becomes apparent.
S11. Ans. (d)
Sol. All the three starters can be used to frame a meaningful sentence without altering the intended meaning of the given sentences. Hence option (d) is the correct choice.
(i) With healthy economic growth and relatively low levels of unemployment, the challenge for the new government is to address the mounting demands on the country’s public health care and education services.
(ii) Given that there has been a healthy economic growth and relatively low levels of unemployment, the challenge for the new government is to address the mounting demands on the country’s public health care and education services.
(iii) Provided that that there has been a healthy economic growth and relatively low levels of unemployment, the challenge for the new government is to address the mounting demands on the country’s public health care and education services.
S12. Ans. (e)
Sol. Both the given sentences are individual coherent sentences, independent of each other. Hence, none of the given starters can be used to form a single coherent sentence without altering the meaning of the sentence. Therefore, the option (e) is the most suitable answer choice.
S13. Ans.(a)
Sol. Only option (a) is correct. The sentence will be as follows “While Increased co-operation is significant as a response to globalization, it is not necessarily indicative of integration.”
S14. Ans.(d)
Sol. The correct option is (d). The statements will be as : (i) “Though Indian democracy was preceded by a relatively modern state, it was hindered by the very same state.”
(ii) “Although Indian democracy was preceded by a relatively modern state, it was hindered by the very same state.”
S15. Ans.(a)
Sol. The correct choice for the given statement is only option (a).The statement will be as follows :
(i)Having been deprived of food for over twenty days, the castaway was fed intravenously at first.
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