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Directions (1-15): In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed in the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
Ever since the influenza virus known as H1N1 landed on Indian shores during the 2009 pandemic, outbreaks have been an annual _____(1)____ . The worst was in 2015, when 2,990 people succumbed to it. This year the virus has been particularly active; mortality, at 1,873 by the last week of September, is __(2)____ catching up with the 2015 toll. In comparison, official figures show 2016
to be a relatively benign year, with an H1N1 death toll of 265. The problem with these official figures, however, is that they only ___(3)____ H1N1 numbers, a practice that has been adopted in response to the severity of the 2009 pandemic. But influenza was ___(4)____ in India even before 2009 in the form of H3N2 and Influenza B virus types. Out of these, H3N2 is capable of causing outbreaks as big as H1N1, and yet India does not track H3N2 cases as extensively as it does H1N1. This means that seemingly benign years such as 2016 may probably not be benign at all. __(5)___ from outside government surveillance systems are making this fact apparent. For example, a surveillance project for acute febrile illnesses, anchored at the Manipal Centre for Virus Research in Karnataka, has ___(6)___ that influenza accounts for nearly 20% of fevers across rural areas in 10 Indian States — fevers that are often undiagnosed and ___(7)____ as “mystery fevers”. During the years when the H1N1 burden is low in these regions, H3N2 and Influenza B circulation __(8)___ to spike.
All this indicates that India’s surveillance systems are still ___(9)___ and underestimate the influenza burden substantially. If numbers are unsatisfactorily tracked, so are changes in the viral genome. As a 2015 commentary by a pair of ___(10)___ from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology pointed out, India ___(11)__ a woefully small number of H1N1 genetic sequences to global open-access databases for a __(12)___ of its size and population. Sequencing is important because it can detect mutations in genetic material that help the virus evade human ____(13)____ systems, making it more deadly. Because India does not sequence a large enough sample of viral genomes, it would be missing mutations that could explain changes in the lethality of the virus. Put together, the numbers data and sequence data will enable sensible vaccination decisions.___(14)___ is the best weapon that India has against this menace, because of Oseltamivir, the antiviral commonly deployed against flu, is of doubtful efficacy unless administered early enough. Yet, India has thus far stayed away from vaccinating even high-risk groups such as pregnant women and diabetics, because influenza is ___(15)___ to be a more manageable public health challenge compared to mammoths such as tuberculosis. Better surveillance of influenza will possibly change this perception by revealing the true scale of this public health issue.
Q1.
(a) incidence
(b) help
(c) option
(d) occurrence
(e) episode Q2.
(a) allevates
(b) quickly
(c) fast
(d) quick
(e) fasten Q3.
(a) dominates
(b) assumed
(c) hold
(d) capture
(e) succeed Q4.
(a) form
(b) came
(c) born
(d) available
(e) present Q5.
(a) Data
(b) paper
(c) news
(d) public
(e) issue Q6.
(a) viewed
(b) making
(c) found
(d) change
(e) commonly Q7.
(a) filed
(b) clarified
(c) aversion
(d) diversion
(e) classified Q8.
(a) response
(b) tends
(c) keep
(d) land
(e) show Q9.
(a) poor
(b) burdened
(c) adopted
(d) rich
(e) increasing Q10.
(a) researchers
(b) people
(c) mob
(d) makers
(e) directors Q11.
(a) projected
(b) submits
(c) spiked
(d) circulation
(e) often Q12.
(a) department
(b) country
(c) space
(d) data
(e) cases Q13.
(a) project
(b) surveillance
(c) immune
(d) data
(e) diagonse Q14.
(a) gun
(b) Sequencing
(c) influenza
(d) Vaccination
(e) medication Q15.
(a) view
(b) come
(c) take
(d) worked
(e) thought
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