Directions
(1-4): Read the following passage carefully and choose the best answer to each
question out of the five given alternatives.
(1-4): Read the following passage carefully and choose the best answer to each
question out of the five given alternatives.
The transfer
of heat and water vapour from the ocean to the air above, it depends on a
disequilibrium at the interface of the water and the air. Within about a
millimeter of the water, air temperature is close to that of the surface water,
and the air is nearly saturated with water vapour. But the differences, however
small, are crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the
surface mixing with air higher up, which is typically appreciably cooler and
lower in water-vapour content. The air is mixed by means of turbulence that
depends on the wind for its energy. As wind speed increases, so does
turbulence, and thus the rate of heat and moisture transfer. Detailed
understanding of this phenomenon awaits further study. An interacting – and
complicated – phenomenon is wind-to-water transfer of momentum that occurs when
waves are formed. When the wind waves, it transfers important amounts of
energy–energy that is, therefore, not available to provide turbulence.
of heat and water vapour from the ocean to the air above, it depends on a
disequilibrium at the interface of the water and the air. Within about a
millimeter of the water, air temperature is close to that of the surface water,
and the air is nearly saturated with water vapour. But the differences, however
small, are crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the
surface mixing with air higher up, which is typically appreciably cooler and
lower in water-vapour content. The air is mixed by means of turbulence that
depends on the wind for its energy. As wind speed increases, so does
turbulence, and thus the rate of heat and moisture transfer. Detailed
understanding of this phenomenon awaits further study. An interacting – and
complicated – phenomenon is wind-to-water transfer of momentum that occurs when
waves are formed. When the wind waves, it transfers important amounts of
energy–energy that is, therefore, not available to provide turbulence.
Q1. The
primary purpose of the passage is to
primary purpose of the passage is to
(a) resolve
a controversy
a controversy
(b) describe
a phenomenon.
a phenomenon.
(c) outline
a theory.
a theory.
(d) classify
various observations.
various observations.
(e) absorbed
by carbon dioxide molecules.
by carbon dioxide molecules.
Q2.
According to the passage, wind over the ocean generally does which of the
following?
According to the passage, wind over the ocean generally does which of the
following?
I. Causes
relatively cool, dry air to come into proximity with the ocean surface.
relatively cool, dry air to come into proximity with the ocean surface.
II.
Maintains steady rate of heat and moisture transfer between the ocean and the
air.
Maintains steady rate of heat and moisture transfer between the ocean and the
air.
III. Causes
frequent changes in the temperature of the water at the ocean’s surface.
frequent changes in the temperature of the water at the ocean’s surface.
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) I and II
only
only
(d) II and
III only
III only
(e) none of
these.
these.
Q3. It can
be inferred from the passage that the author regards current knowledge about
heat and moisture transfer from the ocean to air as:
be inferred from the passage that the author regards current knowledge about
heat and moisture transfer from the ocean to air as:
(a)
Revolutionary
Revolutionary
(b) Outdated
(c) Incomplete
(d)
Derivative
Derivative
(e) destitute
Q4. The
passage suggests that if on a certain day the wind were to decrease until there
was no wind at all, which of the following would occur?
passage suggests that if on a certain day the wind were to decrease until there
was no wind at all, which of the following would occur?
(a) The air
closest to the ocean surface would become saturated with water vapour.
closest to the ocean surface would become saturated with water vapour.
(b) The air
closest to the ocean surface would be warmer than the water.
closest to the ocean surface would be warmer than the water.
(c) The
amount of moisture in the air closest to the ocean surface would increase.
amount of moisture in the air closest to the ocean surface would increase.
(d) The rate
of heat and moisture transfer would increase.
of heat and moisture transfer would increase.
(e) absorbed
by carbon dioxide molecules.
by carbon dioxide molecules.
Directions
(5-11): Read the following passage carefully and choose the best answer to each
question out of the five given alternatives.
(5-11): Read the following passage carefully and choose the best answer to each
question out of the five given alternatives.
The
molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere affect the heat balance
of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow
radiation at visible wavelength, where most of the energy of sunlight is
concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength,
infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would
otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant
average temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar
radiation. If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape
from the Earth mush more easily. The surface temperature would be so much lower
that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice.
molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere affect the heat balance
of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow
radiation at visible wavelength, where most of the energy of sunlight is
concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength,
infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would
otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant
average temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar
radiation. If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape
from the Earth mush more easily. The surface temperature would be so much lower
that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice.
Today,
however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning of
fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon
dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add
carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a
global rise in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious
consequences for human society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate
the rise in temperature as a function of the increase indicate that the answer
is probably ‘yes’.
however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning of
fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon
dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add
carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a
global rise in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious
consequences for human society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate
the rise in temperature as a function of the increase indicate that the answer
is probably ‘yes’.
Under
present conditions, a temperature of – 18
C can be observed at an
altitude of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the
radiating level), the temperature increases by about 6 C per kilometer approaching
the Earth’s surface, where the average temperature is about 15 C. An increase in the
amount of carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide
to absorb infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb
infrared radiation increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the
surface must rise.
present conditions, a temperature of – 18
C can be observed at analtitude of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the
radiating level), the temperature increases by about 6
C per kilometer approachingthe Earth’s surface, where the average temperature is about 15
C. An increase in theamount of carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide
to absorb infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb
infrared radiation increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the
surface must rise.
One
mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would
rise the global mean surface temperature by 25 C. This model assumes that
the atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature
decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5 C per kilometer. The
assumption of constant relative humidity is important, because water vapour in
the atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation as infrared
wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air, the
relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapour in the
atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more infrared
radiation would be absorbed and redirected back to the Earth’s surface. The
resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice,
reducing the Earth’s reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed,
leading to a further increase in temperature.
mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would
rise the global mean surface temperature by 25
C. This model assumes thatthe atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature
decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5
C per kilometer. Theassumption of constant relative humidity is important, because water vapour in
the atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation as infrared
wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air, the
relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapour in the
atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more infrared
radiation would be absorbed and redirected back to the Earth’s surface. The
resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice,
reducing the Earth’s reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed,
leading to a further increase in temperature.
Q5. The
primary purpose of the passage is to
primary purpose of the passage is to
(a) warn of
the dangers of continued burning of fossil fuels.
the dangers of continued burning of fossil fuels.
(b) discuss
the significance of increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
the significance of increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
(c) explain
how a constant temperature is maintained on the Earth’s surface.
how a constant temperature is maintained on the Earth’s surface.
(d) describe
the ways in which various atmospheric and climatic conditions contribute to the
Earth’s weather.
the ways in which various atmospheric and climatic conditions contribute to the
Earth’s weather.
(e) he air
closest to the ocean surface would be warmer than the water.
closest to the ocean surface would be warmer than the water.
Q6.
According to the passage, the greatest part of the solar energy that reaches
the Earth is
According to the passage, the greatest part of the solar energy that reaches
the Earth is
(a)
concentrated in the infrared spectrum.
concentrated in the infrared spectrum.
(b) concentrated
at visible wavelengths.
at visible wavelengths.
(c) absorbed
by carbon dioxide molecules.
by carbon dioxide molecules.
(d) absorbed
by atmospheric water vapour.
by atmospheric water vapour.
(e) Maintains
steady rate of heat and moisture transfer between the ocean and the air.
steady rate of heat and moisture transfer between the ocean and the air.
Q7.
According to the passage, atmospheric carbon dioxide performs all of the
following functions except
According to the passage, atmospheric carbon dioxide performs all of the
following functions except
(a)
absorbing radiation at a visible wavelengths.
absorbing radiation at a visible wavelengths.
(b) absorbing
infrared radiation.
infrared radiation.
(c) absorbing
outgoing radiation from the Earth.
outgoing radiation from the Earth.
(d) helping
to retain heat near the Earth’s surface.
to retain heat near the Earth’s surface.
(e) the
designation of characteristics as being maladaptive must always remain highly
tentative.
designation of characteristics as being maladaptive must always remain highly
tentative.
Q8. Which of
the following best describes the author’s attitude towards the increasing
amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its consequences?
the following best describes the author’s attitude towards the increasing
amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its consequences?
(a)
Incredulous
Incredulous
(b) Completely
detached
detached
(c) Objective
yet concerned
yet concerned
(d) Angry
yet resigned
yet resigned
(e) incredible
Q9. It can
be concluded from information contained in the passage that the average
temperature at an altitude of 1 kilometer above the Earth is about:
be concluded from information contained in the passage that the average
temperature at an altitude of 1 kilometer above the Earth is about:
(a) 15°C
(b) 9°C
(c) 2.5°C
(d) – 12°
(e) 36°
Q10. It can
be inferred from the passage that the construction of the mathematical model
mentioned in the passage involved the formulation of which of the following?
be inferred from the passage that the construction of the mathematical model
mentioned in the passage involved the formulation of which of the following?
(a) An
assumption that the amount of carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere would in
reality steadily increase.
assumption that the amount of carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere would in
reality steadily increase.
(b) An
assumption that human activities are the only agencies by which carbon dioxide
is added to the atmosphere.
assumption that human activities are the only agencies by which carbon dioxide
is added to the atmosphere.
(c) Assumption
about social and political consequences of any curtailment of the use of fossil
fuels.
about social and political consequences of any curtailment of the use of fossil
fuels.
(d) Assumptions
about the physical conditions that are likely to prevail during the period for
which the model was made.
about the physical conditions that are likely to prevail during the period for
which the model was made.
(e) The
ability of even the least fortunate people to show compassion as against
people’s inability to mask their feelings completely.
ability of even the least fortunate people to show compassion as against
people’s inability to mask their feelings completely.
Q11.
According to the passage, which of the following is true of the last hundred
years?
According to the passage, which of the following is true of the last hundred
years?
(a) Fossil
fuels were burned for the first time.
fuels were burned for the first time.
(b) Greater
amounts of land were cleared then at any time before.
amounts of land were cleared then at any time before.
(c) The
average temperature of the Earth’s surface has become 2 C cooler.
average temperature of the Earth’s surface has become 2
C cooler.
(d) The
amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased measurably.
amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased measurably.
(e)
Directions
(12-15): Read the following passage carefully and choose the best answer to
each question out of the five given alternatives.
(12-15): Read the following passage carefully and choose the best answer to
each question out of the five given alternatives.
Some modern
anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only human
morphology but also human behaviour. The role those anthropologists ascribe to
evolution is not of dictating the details of human behaviour but one of
imposing constraints – ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that “come
naturally” in archetypal situations in any culture. Our “frailties” – emotions
and motives such as rage, fear, greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love – may be a
very mixed assortment, but they share at least one immediate quality: we are,
as we say, “in the grip” of them. And thus they give us our sense of
constraints.
anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only human
morphology but also human behaviour. The role those anthropologists ascribe to
evolution is not of dictating the details of human behaviour but one of
imposing constraints – ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that “come
naturally” in archetypal situations in any culture. Our “frailties” – emotions
and motives such as rage, fear, greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love – may be a
very mixed assortment, but they share at least one immediate quality: we are,
as we say, “in the grip” of them. And thus they give us our sense of
constraints.
Unhappily,
some of those frailties – our need for ever-increasing security among them-are
presently maladaptive. Yet, beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they too
said to be biological in direction, and therefore, as natural to us as are our
appendixes. We would need to comprehend thoroughly their adaptive origins in
order to understand how badly they guide us now. And we might then begin to
resist their pressure.
some of those frailties – our need for ever-increasing security among them-are
presently maladaptive. Yet, beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they too
said to be biological in direction, and therefore, as natural to us as are our
appendixes. We would need to comprehend thoroughly their adaptive origins in
order to understand how badly they guide us now. And we might then begin to
resist their pressure.
Q12. The
primary purpose of the passage is to present
primary purpose of the passage is to present
(a) a
position on the foundations of human behaviour and on what those foundations
imply.
position on the foundations of human behaviour and on what those foundations
imply.
(b) a theory
outlining the parallel development of human morphology and of human behaviour.
outlining the parallel development of human morphology and of human behaviour.
(c) a
diagnostic test for separating biologically determined behaviour patterns from
cultures specific detail.
diagnostic test for separating biologically determined behaviour patterns from
cultures specific detail.
(d) a
practical method for resisting the pressures of biologically determined drives.
practical method for resisting the pressures of biologically determined drives.
(e) absorbing
outgoing radiation from the Earth.
outgoing radiation from the Earth.
Q13. The
author implies that control to any extent over the “frailties” that constraint
our behaviour is thought to presuppose
author implies that control to any extent over the “frailties” that constraint
our behaviour is thought to presuppose
(a) that
those frailties are recognized as currently beneficial and adaptive.
those frailties are recognized as currently beneficial and adaptive.
(b) that
there is little or no overly of culture detail that mask their true nature.
there is little or no overly of culture detail that mask their true nature.
(c) that
there are cultures in which those frailties do not “come naturally” and from
which such control can be learned.
there are cultures in which those frailties do not “come naturally” and from
which such control can be learned.
(d) a full
understanding of why those frailties evolved and of how they function now.
understanding of why those frailties evolved and of how they function now.
(e) An
assumption that human activities are the only agencies by which carbon dioxide
is added to the atmosphere.
assumption that human activities are the only agencies by which carbon dioxide
is added to the atmosphere.
Q14. Which
of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human
morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the
passage in relation to human behaviour?
of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human
morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the
passage in relation to human behaviour?
(a) The
ability of most people to see all the colours of the visible spectrum as
against most people’s inability to name any but the primary colours.
ability of most people to see all the colours of the visible spectrum as
against most people’s inability to name any but the primary colours.
(b) The
ability of even the least fortunate people to show compassion as against
people’s inability to mask their feelings completely.
ability of even the least fortunate people to show compassion as against
people’s inability to mask their feelings completely.
(c) The
greater lung capacity of mountain peoples that helps them live in oxygen-poor
air as against people’s inability to fly without special apparatus.
greater lung capacity of mountain peoples that helps them live in oxygen-poor
air as against people’s inability to fly without special apparatus.
(d) The
psychological profile of those people who are able to delay gratification as
against people’s inability to control their lives completely.
psychological profile of those people who are able to delay gratification as
against people’s inability to control their lives completely.
(e) the
designation of characteristics as being maladaptive must always remain highly
tentative.
designation of characteristics as being maladaptive must always remain highly
tentative.
Q15. It can
be inferred that in his discussion of maladaptive frailties the author assumes
that
be inferred that in his discussion of maladaptive frailties the author assumes
that
(a)
evolution does not favour the emergence of adaptive characteristics over the
emergence of maladaptive ones.
evolution does not favour the emergence of adaptive characteristics over the
emergence of maladaptive ones.
(b) changes
in the total human environment can outpace evolutionary change.
in the total human environment can outpace evolutionary change.
(c) maladaptive
characteristics, once fixed, make the emergence of other maladaptive
characteristics more likely.
characteristics, once fixed, make the emergence of other maladaptive
characteristics more likely.
(d) the
designation of characteristics as being maladaptive must always remain highly
tentative.
designation of characteristics as being maladaptive must always remain highly
tentative.
(e) that
those frailties are recognized as currently beneficial and adaptive.
those frailties are recognized as currently beneficial and adaptive.
Solutions
S1. Ans.(b)
Sol. describe a phenomenon.
S2. Ans.(a)
Sol. Causes relatively cool, dry air
to come into proximity with the ocean surface.
to come into proximity with the ocean surface.
S3. Ans.(c)
Sol. Incomplete is the correct word.
S4. Ans.(a)
Sol. The air closest to the ocean
surface would become saturated with water vapour.
surface would become saturated with water vapour.
S5. Ans.(b)
Sol. discuss the significance of
increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
S6. Ans.(b)
Sol. concentrated at visible
wavelengths.
wavelengths.
S7. Ans.(a)
Sol. absorbing radiation at a visible
wavelengths.
wavelengths.
S8. Ans.(c)
Sol. Objective yet concerned
S9. Ans.(b)
Sol. 9 C
C
S10. Ans.(d)
Sol. Assumptions
about the physical conditions that are likely to prevail during the period for
which the model was made.
about the physical conditions that are likely to prevail during the period for
which the model was made.
S11. Ans.(d)
Sol. The amount
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased measurably.
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased measurably.
S12. Ans.(a)
Sol. a position
on the foundations of human behaviour and on what those foundations imply.
on the foundations of human behaviour and on what those foundations imply.
S13. Ans.(d)
Sol. a full
understanding of why those frailties evolved and of how they function now.
understanding of why those frailties evolved and of how they function now.
S14. Ans.(c)
Sol. The greater
lung capacity of mountain peoples that helps them live in oxygen-poor air as
against people’s inability to fly without special apparatus.
lung capacity of mountain peoples that helps them live in oxygen-poor air as
against people’s inability to fly without special apparatus.
S15. Ans.(b)
Sol. changes in
the total human environment can outpace evolutionary change.
the total human environment can outpace evolutionary change.
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